Seventy years of AI: from a Dartmouth dream to a partner in scientific discovery

The 70th anniversary of the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project offers an occasion to celebrate artificial intelligence's extraordinary trajectory from a bold hypothesis about machine simulation of intelligence to a transformative force reshaping science, medicine, and environmental stewardship. This editorial traces key technological milestones across seven decades, from early symbolic reasoning to today's agentic systems capable of autonomously generating hypotheses and accelerating discovery. It then examines promising future directions, with particular emphasis on AI's rapidly expanding role in scientific research from protein structure prediction to AI co-scientists that collaborate with researchers in real time. Far from a source of apprehension, AI stands as one of the most powerful tools ever devised for expanding the frontiers of human knowledge, provided we guide its development with wisdom, responsibility, and a steadfast commitment to human flourishing.